Portal frame beam-column connection methods: rigid vs. hinged

In steel portal frames (common in factories, warehouses, and logistics centers), the beam-column connection method is a core factor determining building safety, cost, and lifespan. Incorrect selection can lead to structural failure or additional expenses. This article clearly analyzes two mainstream methods to help you make a decision.

I. Rigid Connection

Characteristics: Beams and columns are rigidly fixed by welding or high-strength bolts (e.g., grade 8.8), forming a rigid node that effectively transfers bending moment (torque).

Advantages:

Superior Structural Strength: Excellent wind and earthquake resistance, suitable for large spans and high load scenarios (such as aircraft hangars and multi-story factories).

Space Flexibility: Reduces internal supporting columns, increasing usable area. For example, a German car factory uses this method to achieve a 30-meter column-free space.

Long-Term Economic Benefits: Although initial costs are 10-15% higher, maintenance rates are reduced by 50% within 10 years, avoiding later reinforcement costs.

Applicable Scenarios:

High-wind areas (e.g., coastal typhoon belts, North American plains);

Industrial buildings requiring high rigidity (e.g., precision manufacturing workshops);

Projects with ample budgets and a focus on long-term safety.

Note: Requires a professional welding team; construction time is extended by 15%, but complies with AISC/Eurocode standards.

II. Hinged Connections

Features: Beams and columns are connected by pins or ordinary bolts, forming a hinged joint that transmits only shear force (vertical force), not bending moment.

Advantages:

Extremely fast construction: No complex welding required, installation speed increased by 30%, such as the Texas warehouse project completed in 4 weeks.

Lowest cost: Saves 20% on steel and labor, suitable for budget-sensitive projects.

Flexible adaptation: Waterproofing is not a major concern in arid climates (e.g., the Middle East, inland Australia).

Applicable Scenarios:

Single-story warehouses, temporary workshops;

Low-wind areas (average annual wind speed <15m/s);

Projects with limited budgets and a need for rapid delivery (e.g., Asian logistics centers).

Note: Additional wind-resistant columns (such as diagonal bracing) are required; otherwise, the structure is prone to swaying in strong winds. Regularly check bolts for rust prevention.

III. Key Comparisons

IV. How to Make the Wise Choice for Your Project?

First, consider the climate:

Annual average wind speed > 15 m/s? → Rigid connection (e.g., southeastern coastal China, Kanto region of Japan).

Annual average wind speed < 10 m/s? → Hinged connection (e.g., Saudi Arabia, Inner Mongolia).

Next, consider the budget:

Tight budget + tight schedule? → Hinged connection (saves 20% on initial costs).

Long-term operation priority? → Rigid connection (saves 40% on maintenance costs over 10 years).

Finally, consider the function:

Large, column-free space required? → Rigid connection (e.g., car assembly line).

Basic warehousing only? → Hinged connection (e.g., ordinary warehouse).

Case Study:

Brussels Logistics Center, Belgium (high wind zone): Rigid connection selected, zero structural failures over ten years.

Dubai Warehouse (Dry Zone), UAE: Hinged Connections Optimized, 3-Month Delivery, 25% Cost Reduction.

Conclusion

There is no absolute best for portal frame beam-column connections, only the most suitable. Rigid connections are a safety investment, while hinged connections are the efficiency choice.

Core Principles:

✅ Make decisions based on local wind speed data (e.g., ISO 4502 standards);

✅ Designed by certified engineers to avoid sacrificing safety for cost-saving;

✅ Regardless of the method, materials conforming to AISC 360 or EN 1993 standards must be used.

Remember: A safe factory building begins with precise connections. Global building practices prove that the right choices can make a structure both cost-effective and durable. Your project deserves this clear decision!